Endnotes
[1] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Sherman (1990).[2] Wilson and Kelling (1982).
[3] Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Caeti (1999); Fritsch, Caeti, and Taylor (1999); Eck and Spelman (1987); Police Foundation (1982); Kelling et al. (1974). But see Sherman (1997) for some evidence that substantial increases in police officers in high-crime big cities do reduce reported crime levels.
[4] Sherman and Weisburd 1995.
[5] Smith (2001); Braga et al. (1999); Jacobson (1999) [Full text]; Caeti (1999); Capowich and Roehl (1994); Pennell and Curtis (1993); Eck and Spelman (1987).
[6] Sherman (1990).
[7] Weiss and McGarrell (1999); Farrell, Chenery, and Pease (1998)[Full text]; Wright and Pease (1997)[Full text]; Caulkins, Larson, and Rich (1993); Sherman (1990).
[8] Cohen and Ludwig (2002) [Full text]; Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Braga et al. (1999).
[9] Kort et al. (1998); Kleiman (1988)[Full text].
[10] Novak et al. (1999); Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Kleiman (1988)[Full text].
[11] Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994).
[12] Braga (2001); McGarrell, Chermak, and Weiss (1999)[Full text]; Caeti (1999); Cordner (1996); Weisburd and Green (1995). [Full text]
[13] Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Sherman (1990).
[14] Braga (2001).
[15] Braga (2001); Braga et al. (1999); Wright and Pease (1997)[Full text]; Davis and Lurigio (1996); Green (1996)[Abstract only]; Weisburd and Green (1995); Capowich and Roehl (1994); Pennell and Curtis (1993); Potter, Gaines, and Holbrook (1990). [Full text]
[16] Sherman (1990).
[17] Cohen and Ludwig (2002); Sherman (1997); Sherman and Rogan (1995); Sherman (1990); Matthews (1990). [Full text]
[18] Josi, Donahue, and Magnus (2000); Wright and Pease (1997)[Full text]; Matthews (1990) [Full text]; Sherman (1990).
[19] Braga (2001).
[20] Caeti (1999); Capowich and Roehl (1994).
[21] Weidner (1999); Davis and Lurigio (1996); Kennedy (1993)[Full text]; Matthews (1990).[Full text]
[22] Maher and Dixon (2001)[Full text]; Eck and Maguire (2000); Caeti (1999); Sherman (1997); Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Kleiman (1988)[Full text].
[23] National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968).
[24] See Kraska and Kappeler (1997).
[25] Rosen (1997).
[26] Cohen and Ludwig (2002); Chermak, McGarrell, and Weiss (2001); Eck and Maguire (2000); Davis and Mateu-Gelabert (1999); Caeti (1999); Boydstun (1975).
[27] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Kennedy (1993) [Full text]; Sherman (1990); Kleiman (1988). [Full text]
[28] National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968).
[29] Smith (2001); Jacobson (1999)[Full text]; Sherman and Rogan (1995); Kennedy (1993)[Full text]; Uchida, Forst, and Annan (1992); Matthews (1990)[Full text]; Conners and Nugent (1990); Kleiman (1988)[Full text]; Schnelle et al. (1977); Chaiken, Lawless, and Stevenson (1974).
[30] Schnelle et al. (1977).
[31] See Cohen and Ludwig (2002) and Smith (2001) for examples of crackdown cost-effectiveness analyses.
[32] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Green (1996)[Abstract only]; Zimmer (1990). [Full text]
[33] Maher and Dixon (2001)[Full text]; Naik et al. (1996)[Abstract only]; Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Potter, Gaines, and Holbrook (1990)[Full text]; Sherman (1990); Kleiman (1988)[Full text].
[34] Sampson and Cohen (1988); Wilson and Boland (1978). But see Jacob and Rich (1981), cited in Sampson and Cohen (1988), for contrary conclusion.
[35] Caeti (1999), citing Whitaker et al. (1983, 1985); Boydstun (1975).
[36] Weiss and McGarrell (1999); Sampson and Cohen (1988); Wilson and Boland (1978). But see Weiss and Freels (1996) for a contrary finding that aggressive traffic enforcement produced no reduction in robbery or auto theft.
[37] Chaiken, Lawless, and Stevenson (1974).
[38] Eck and Spelman (1987).
[39] Kleiman (1988). [Full text]
[40] Farrell, Chenery, and Pease (1998). [Full text]
[41] Boydstun (1975).
[42] Smith (2001), citing Cordner (1981); Caeti (1999), citing Dahmann (1974). But both Sampson and Cohen (1988) and Wilson and Boland (1978) found that aggressive enforcement was not strongly correlated with low burglary rates.
[43] Josi, Donahue, and Magnus (2000); Weiss and McGarrell (1999).
[44] Smith (2001), citing Sampson and Cohen (1988).
[45] Uchida, Forst, and Annan (1992); Zimmer (1990)[Full text]; Kleiman (1988). [Full text]
[46] Novak et al. (1999); Schnelle et al. (1977), citing Schnelle et al. (1975); Kelling et al. (1974).
[47] Schnelle et al. (1977).
[48] McGarrell, Chermak, and Weiss (1999). [Full text]
[49] Sherman, Shaw, and Rogan (1995). [Full text]
[50] Cohen and Ludwig (2002).
[51] Fritsch, Caeti, and Taylor (1999).
[52] Kent and Smith (2001); Vogel and Torres (1998); Weisel and Painter (1997).
[53] Kennedy et al. (2001). [Full text]
[54] Caeti (1999), citing Klein (1995).
[55] Weiss and Freels (1996); see also Josi, Donahue, and Magnus (2000).
[56] Carr, Schnelle, and Kirchner (1980).
[57] Campbell and Ross (1968).
[58] McMahon (2000).
[59] Ross (1994).
[60] Sherman (1990), citing Ross (1981).
[61] Ross (1994).
[62] Sherman (1990).
[63] Smith (2001); Gersh and Beardsley (2000); Davis and Lurigio (1996); Sherman and Rogan (1995); Smith et al. (1992); Zimmer (1990)[Full text]; Sherman (1990); Reuter et al. (1988).
[64] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Kleiman (1988)[Full text]; Reuter et al. (1988).
[65] Jacobson (1999)[Full text]; Green (1996)[Abstract only]; Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Kleiman (1988). [Full text]
[66] Maher and Dixon (2001)[Full text]; May et al. (2000) [Full text]; Kleiman (1988)[Full text]; Reuter et al. (1988).
[67] Naik et al. (1996). [Abstract only]
[68] See Connors and Nugent (1990) for a discussion of how these factors affect the choice of drug enforcement tactics.
[69] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Caulkins, Larson, and Rich (1993); Smith et al. (1992).
[70] Aitken et al. (2002)[Full text]; May et al. (2000) [Full text]; Davis and Lurigio (1996); Potter, Gaines, and Holbrook (1990)[Full text]; Zimmer (1990). [Full text]
[71] Aitken et al. (2002)[Full text]; Maher and Dixon (2001). [Full text]
[72] Maher and Dixon (2001)[Full text]; Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994); Caulkins, Larson, and Rich (1993); Kleiman (1988).[Full text]
[73] Davis and Lurigio (1996); Worden, Bynum, and Frank (1994).
[74] Matthews (1990)[Full text]; Eck and Spelman (1987).
[75] Matthews (1990). [Full text]
[76] Scott (2001). [Full text]
[77] Kinlock (1994).
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