Center for Problem-Oriented Policing

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Summary of Responses to Drunk Driving

The table below summarizes various responses to drunk driving, the mechanisms by which these responses are intended to work, the conditions under which they should work best, and factors that should be considered before a particular response is implemented. It is critical that you tailor responses to local circumstances and that you can justify each response based upon reliable analysis. In most cases, an effective strategy will involve several different responses, because law enforcement alone is seldom effective in reducing or solving the problem.

Response No.ResponseHow It WorksWorks Best If…Considerations
Legislation
1.Reducing the legal limit of per se violationsIncreases the probability of successful prosecution of drunk driving charges; subjects more dangerous drivers to legal sanctions; communicates societal intolerance for drinking and driving… reinforced by adequate enforcement at the lower limitsPolice officers may be unwilling to enforce if they do not understand the risk of driving at lower limits; enforcement at lower limits will increase the number of cases in the courts
2.Requiring drivers to submit to blood alcohol testing when arrested for drunk drivingIncreases both the certainty of arrest when a stop is made and the probability of successful prosecution; provides drivers with social justification for not drinking… police have the authority to demand testing of drivers stopped at randomIn the United States, police must establish probable cause in order to demand testing
3.Raising the minimum legal drinking ageReduces the overall alcohol consumption of inexperienced, high-risk drivers… enforcement levels are high enough to convince underage drivers that they face a substantial risk of arrest; legislation and enforcement is supported by parentsStrict enforcement can substantially increase court caseloads
4.Prohibiting open alcohol containers in moving vehiclesReduces the likelihood that a driver will consume alcohol while driving… adequately enforced; prohibition applies equally to drivers and passengersProvides police with additional justification for stopping suspected drunk drivers
5.Requiring drivers and passengers to wear seat beltsReduces the risk of serious injury when a crash occurs… adequately enforcedSome jurisdictions may not authorize police stops solely on the basis of seat belt violations
Enforcement
6.Increasing the number of police stops of suspected drunk drivers during high-risk times of dayIncreases the perceived risk of apprehension among drinking drivers… police officers have viable alternatives to custodial arrest for some stopped drivers; police officers have sufficient resources to make a high number of stopsCompeting priorities for police attention may limit the number of stops officers can realistically make; police officers must believe that their reasonable exercise of discretion in employing alternatives to arrest will be supported
7.Conducting sobriety checkpointsIncreases the perceived risk of apprehension among drinking drivers… the public supports the practice; officers are properly trained to detect impaired driversLegal requirements must be met; checkpoints should be highly visible to maximize their general deterrent effect; because they can be costly to conduct, checkpoints are not necessarily the most efficient method of stopping drunk drivers
8.Training police officers to detect impaired driversIncreases the probability of arrest once a stop is made; increases the likelihood of successful prosecution… police officers believe that enforcement is valued by the departmentOfficers should also be trained to detect impairment from substances other than alcohol
9.Using preliminary breath testing devicesIncreases the probability of arrest once a stop is made; increases the likelihood of successful prosecution… officers are properly trained in their use; can be administered to drivers stopped at random (where legal) or at sobriety checkpointsLegal requirements for demanding tests must be met; costs to purchase and maintain devices
Curtailing Driving Privileges
10.Administrative suspension and revocation of driver licensesReduces the likelihood that convicted drunk drivers will drive while intoxicated during periods of suspension; deters drivers through threatened loss of driving privileges… jurisdiction has adequate resources to process cases; suspensions are routinely and promptly imposed by an administrative agency rather than by the courtsMost suspended or revoked drivers continue to drive; high volume of cases arising from operators who drive while suspended or revoked can drain criminal justice resources; the large number of suspended or revoked drivers can increase the volume of police pursuits if drivers attempt to avoid apprehension
11.Imposing graduated licensing systems for young driversReduces opportunities for inexperienced drivers to drive under high-risk conditions… legislation and enforcement is supported by parentsCreates hardships for young drivers and their parents
12.Impounding, immobilizing, or confiscating the vehicles of drunk driversReduces opportunities for convicted drunk drivers to continue driving; deters drivers through threatened loss of driving privileges… vehicle is actually impounded or immobilized; threats alone are an insufficient deterrentHigh costs can be incurred impounding, immobilizing, and storing vehicles; third parties who depend on use of the vehicle are also penalized
13.Confiscating license plates from convicted drunk driversIncreases the probability that a convicted driver will be stopped by police… more widely used and publicizedSpecially-marked license plates indicating the vehicle is likely being operated by a convicted drunk driver is a similar alternative
Sanctioning Convicted Drunk Drivers
14.Requiring convicted drunk drivers to install electronic ignition locks on their vehiclesPrevents intoxicated drivers from operating their vehicles… alternative sanctions are severe enough to persuade drivers to use the devices; drivers must periodically retest to keep the vehicle running; drivers cannot readily use other vehiclesDeterrent effect not likely to last beyond period when device is installed; minimizes inconvenience to others who are dependent upon the vehicle
15.Requiring convicted drunk drivers to complete alcohol assessment, counseling, or treatment programsReduces alcohol consumption of those convicted of drunk driving… the treatment program is of high quality and demonstrated effectivenessNot all drunk drivers benefit from these programs; program costs can be high
16.Confining convicted drivers to their homesReduces opportunities for offenders to continue driving; deters drivers through threatened loss of driving privileges… monitoring is effectiveElectronic monitoring is more efficient than personal monitoring
Monitoring Drunk Drivers
17.Closely monitoring high-risk drunk driversReduces opportunities for convicted drunk drivers to continue driving… highest risk drivers are selected for intensive monitoringLabor intensive
Reducing Alcohol Consumption
18.Reducing the consumption of alcoholReduces intoxication levels of drivers, thereby reducing the risk of vehicle crashes… reductions in consumption levels are substantialPublic support for measures to reduce consumption may be difficult to obtain in some jurisdictions
19.Suing alcohol beverage servers for serving intoxicated patrons who then drive and cause traffic injuriesDiscourages serving intoxicated patrons, thereby reducing alcohol consumption… plaintiffs prevail often enough so that alcohol beverage servers perceive their potential liability to be significant; liability results in actual costs to alcohol beverage serversSome insurance companies cover full costs of liability; some alcohol beverage servers avoid liability by becoming judgment proof; social norms often work against intervening in the drinking habits of others
20.Training alcohol beverage servers to recognize signs of impairment and enforcing laws prohibiting serving impaired patronsReduces the alcohol consumption of potential drunk drivers… reinforced by the owners of licensed establishments; reinforced by adequate enforcement of alcohol service lawsMandatory programs have not been shown to be more effective than voluntary ones; compliance with training regulations may provide servers with a defense against liability
21.Enforcing laws prohibiting serving minors and intoxicated personsReduces alcohol consumption of potential drunk drivers… enforcement is sufficient to create a significant perception of risk among servers; known problem establishments are targetedEnforcement resources and priorities are often inadequate; enforcement efforts are often resisted by alcohol service industry
Public Education
22.Discouraging drinking and driving through public education and awareness campaignsDiscourages drinkers from driving and drivers from drinking; builds public support for a wide range of drunk driving countermeasures… education and awareness messages are carefully targeted to particular audiencesCan be costly to develop and run; difficult to measure effect on behavior
Alternative Transportation
23.Providing alternative transportation options to drinking driversReduces need for drinkers to drive… transportation is provided to, from, and among drinking establishments so that drinkers are not compelled to leave their vehicles at a drinking establishment; costs to drinkers are reasonableTransportation services can be costly to operate
Environmental Design
24.Locating licensed establishments in areas that reduce the need for patrons to driveReduces the need for drinkers to drive… the public understands and supports locating drinking establishments in certain areasLess viable in rural areas where driving is almost unavoidable; the public may resist locating bars and taverns near residential areas
25.Relaxing or staggering mandatory bar closing timesReduces the concentration of drunk drivers on the road; reduces excessive alcohol consumption at closing time… bars and taverns are located where drinkers do not need to drive to reach themNet effects not demonstrated conclusively
Responses With Limited Effectiveness
26.Increasing the severity of penalties for drunk driving  Typically, certainty of apprehension is too low for severity of penalties to have much deterrent effect; if penalties exceed what police deem fair, they may be less willing to enforce drunk driving laws; raising the stakes of conviction often slows down the adjudication process, thereby undermining deterrence
27.Incarcerating convicted drunk drivers  Consumes scarce jail resources; threat of incarceration can be effective incentive for alternative sanctions
28.Fining convicted drunk drivers  High rates of failure to pay fines are typical
29.Recovering law enforcement costs from convicted drunk drivers  Effects not demonstrated conclusively; high rates of failure to pay are typical
30.Requiring drunk drivers to listen to victim impact panels  Deterrent effect is short-lived; effectiveness heavily dependent upon skills of speakers, which is difficult to standardize
31.Prohibiting drive-up alcohol sales  Typically, alcohol can easily be purchased elsewhere
32.Providing driver education courses in high schools  Encourages more young people to get their licenses, which increases the risk of crashes
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