Endnotes

[1] Ontario Police Department (2000).

[2] Orwall (2001).

[3] Lau (2002); also see Ontario Police Department (2000), where the problem primarily involved "young adults."

[4] Wilkinson (1996).

[5] Clar (2003); also see San Diego Police Department (2003) and Stockton Police Department (2003).

[6] Lowery (2003).

[7] Wilkens (2003b).

[8] Leigh (1995).

[9] San Diego Police Department (2003).

[10] Neil (1999).

[11] Wilkens (2003a), quoting Stephen Bender.

[12] Wilkens (2003a).

[13] CBC News (2002).

[14] Toronto.cbc.ca (2002).

[15] CBC News (2003).

[16] Rendon (2001).

[17] Wilkens (2003a).

[18] Dobner (2001).

[19] Lau (2002).

[20] San Diego Police Department (2003).

[21] Sloan (2004).

[22] Ontario Police Department (2000)

[23] Lau (2002).

[24] Stockton Police Department (2003).

[25] Wilkinson (1996)

[26] Sloan (2004).

[27] Pangelinan (2004).

[28] Stokes (2003). [Full Text]

[29] Milpitas Police Department (2002).

[30] Pangelinan (2004).

[31] Stockton Police Department (2003).

[32] Wilkinson (1996).

[33] San Diego Police Department (2003).

[34] Lowery (2003).

[35] Clar (2003).

[36] Reno Police Department (2003).

[37] Squatriglia & Nevius (2003).

[38] Velasquez (2003).

[39] Munoz (2003).

[40] Los Angeles Police Department (2001).

[41] Stockton Police Department (2003).

[42] Ontario Police Department (2000)

[43] Reno Police Department (2003); also see Ontario Police Department (2000) for passage and successful use of a new street-closure ordinance.

[44] See, for example, Wilkens (2003a), concerning a university professor who founded a nonprofit group that sponsors legal racing at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. 

[45] Brinsfield (2001).

[46] Sibley (2001). [Full Text]

[47] Stokes (2003) [Full Text]; PR Newswire Association (2003) [Full Text].

[48] Redding Police Department (2003).

[49] Przybys (2003).

[50] Ontario Police Department (2000).

[51] San Diego Police Department (1996).

[52] San Diego Police Department (2003).