References

Aitken, C., D. Moore, P. Higgs, J. Kelsall, and M. Kerger (2002). "The Impact of a Police Crackdown on a Street Drug Scene: Evidence From the Street." International Journal of Drug Policy 13:189–198. [Full text]

Best, D., J. Strang, T. Beswick, and M. Gossup (2001). "Assessment of a Concentrated, High-Profile Operation: No Discernible Impact on Drug Availability, Price, or Purity." British Journal of Criminology 41(4):738–745. [Abstract only]

Boydstun, J. (1975). San Diego Field Interrogation: Final Report . Washington , D.C.: Police Foundation.

Braga , A. (2001). "The Effects of Hot-Spots Policing on Crime." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 578:104–125.

Braga , A., D. Weisburd, E. Waring, L. Green Mazerolle, and F. Gajewski (1999). "Problem-Oriented Policing in Violent Crime Places: A Randomized Controlled Experiment." Criminology 37(3):541–580.

Burns, L., and C. Coumarelos (1993). Policing Pubs: Evaluation of a Licensing Enforcement Strategy. Sydney, Australia: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. [Full text]

Caeti, T. (1999). Houston's Targeted Beat Program: A Quasi-Experimental Test of Police Patrol Strategies . Ann Arbor, Michigan : University Microfilms International.

Campbell, D., and H. Ross (1968). "The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding: Time-Series Data in Quasi-Experimental Analysis." Law & Society Review 3(33).

Capowich, G., and J. Roehl (1994). "Problem-Oriented Policing: Actions and Effectiveness in San Diego." In D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Carr, A., J. Schnelle, and J. Kirchner (1980). "Police Crackdowns and Slowdowns: A Naturalistic Evaluation of Changes in Police Traffic Enforcement." Behavioral Assessment 2:33–41.

Caulkins, J., R. Larson, and T. Rich (1993). "Geography's Impact on the Success of Focused Local Drug Enforcement Operations." Socioeconomic Planning Sciences 27(2):119–130.

Chaiken, J., M. Lawless, and K. Stevenson (1974). The Impact of Police Activity on Crime: Robberies on the New York City Subway System. New York: RAND.

Chermak, S., E. McGarrell, and A. Weiss (2001). "Citizens' Perceptions of Aggressive Traffic Enforcement Strategies." Justice Quarterly 18(20):365–391.

Cohen, J., and J. Ludwig (2002). "Policing Crime Guns." In J. Ludwig and P. Cook (eds.), Evaluating Gun Violence: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. [Full text]

Connors, E., and H. Nugent (1990). Street-Level Narcotics Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance.

Cordner, G. (1996). "Evaluating Tactical Patrol." In L. Hoover, ed. Quantifying Quality in Policing. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Davis, R., and A. Lurigio (1996). Fighting Back: Neighborhood Antidrug Strategies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Davis, R., and P. Mateu-Gelabert (1999). Respectful and Effective Policing: Two Examples in the South Bronx. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.

Eck, J., and E. Maguire (2000). "Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime?: An Assessment of the Evidence." In A. Blumstein and J. Wallman (eds.), The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Eck, J., and W. Spelman (1987). Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News . Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Eckart, M. (1984). Operation Weekend: A Report on Cases Arrested in the Times Square Sweeps of July 15, 1983–Oct. 9, 1983 . New York: New York City Criminal Justice Agency.

Farrell, G., S. Chenery, and K. Pease (1998). Consolidating Police Crackdowns: Findings From an Antiburglary Project. Police Research Series, Paper 113. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. [Full text]

Fritsch, E., T. Caeti, and R. Taylor (1999). "Gang Suppression Through Saturation Patrol, Aggressive Curfew, and Truancy Enforcement: A Quasi-Experimental Test of the Dallas Anti-Gang Initiative." Crime and Delinquency 45(1):122–139.

Gersh, J., and K. Beardsley (2000). "Evaluating the Impact of a Drug Crackdown." In N. La Vigne and J. Wartell (eds.), Crime Mapping Case Studies: Successes in the Field, Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Green, L. (1996). Policing Places With Drug Problems. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. [Full text]

Jacobson, J. (1999). Policing Drug Hot Spots. Police Research Series, Paper 109. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. [Full text][Briefing Notes]

Josi, D., M. Donahue, and R. Magnus (2000). "Conducting Blue-Light Specials or Drilling Holes in the Sky: Are Increased Traffic Stops Better Than Routine Patrol in Taking a Bite out of Crime?" Police Practice and Research 1(4):477–507.

Kelling, G., T. Pate, D. Dieckman, and C. Brown (1974). The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

Kennedy, D. (1993). Closing the Market: Controlling the Drug Trade in Tampa , Fla. NIJ Program Focus. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. [Full text]

Kennedy, D., A. Braga, A. Piehl, and E. Waring (2001). Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. [Full text]

Kenney, D. (1986). "Crime on the Subways: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Guardian Angels." Justice Quarterly , 3(4):481–496.

Kent, D., and P. Smith (2001). "The Tri-Agency Resource Gang Enforcement Team: A Selective Approach to Reduce Gang Crime." In J. Miller, C. Maxson, and M. Klein (eds.), The Modern Gang Reader. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

Kessler, D., and S. Duncan (1996). "Impact of Community Policing in Four Houston Neighborhoods." Evaluation Review 20(6):627–669.

Kinlock, T. (1994). "Problem-Oriented Data Collection: Toward Improved Evaluations of Police Drug Crackdowns." American Journal of Police 13(3):59–94.

Kleiman, M. (1989). Heroin Crackdowns in Two Massachusetts Cities: Executive Summary. Working Paper #89-01-15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

——— (1988). Crackdowns: The Effects of Intensive Enforcement on Retail Heroin Dealing. Working Paper #88-01-11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University . [Full text]

——— (1988). Street-Level Drug Enforcement: Examining the Issues. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. [Full text]

Kort, P., G. Feichtinger, R. Hartl, and J. Haunschmied (1998). "Optimal Enforcement Policies (Crackdowns) on an Illicit Drug Market." Optimal Control Applications and Methods 19:169–184.

Kraska, P., and V. Kappeler (1997). "Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units." Social Problems 44(1):1–18.

Maher, L. and D. Dixon (2001). "The Cost of Crackdowns: Policing Cabramatta's Heroin Market." Current Issues in Criminal Justice 13(1): 5–22. [Full text]

Matthews, R. (1997). "Developing More Effective Strategies for Curbing Prostitution." In R. Clarke (ed.), Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies (2nd ed.). Guilderland, New York: Harrow and Heston. [Full text]

May, T., A. Harocopos, P. Turnbull, and M. Hough (2000). Serving Up: The Impact of Low-Level Police Enforcement on Drug Markets. Police Research Series, Paper 133. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. [Full text] [Briefing Note]

McGarrell, E., S. Chermak, and A. Weiss (1999). Targeting Firearms Violence Through Directed Police Patrol . Indianapolis: Crime Control Policy Center, Hudson Institute. [Full text]

McMahon, J. (2000). "New York State Takes the Next Step in Saving Lives: Through Occupant Restraint Enforcement." Police Chief 67(7):24–29.

Naik, A., A. Baveja, R. Batta, and J. Caulkins (1996). "Scheduling Crackdowns on Illicit Drug Markets." European Journal of Operational Research 88:231–250. [Abstract only]

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968). Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Novak, K., J. Harman, A. Holsinger, and M. Turner (1999). "The Effects of Aggressive Policing of Disorder on Serious Crime." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 22(2):171–190.

Pennell, S., and C. Curtis (1993). Crack Abatement: Comparison of Drug Control Strategies. San Diego: San Diego Association of Governments, Criminal Justice Research Division.

Police Foundation (1982). The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment. Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

Potter, G., L. Gaines, and B. Holbrook (1990). "Blowing Smoke: An Evaluation of Marijuana Eradication in Kentucky ." American Journal of Police 9(1):97–116. [Full text]

Priest, T., and D. Carter. (2002). "Community-Oriented Policing: Assessing a Police Saturation Operation." In S. Stevens (ed.), Policing and Community Partnerships. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice Hall.

Reuter, P., J. Haaga, P. Murphy, and A. Praskac (1988). Drug Use and Drug Programs in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Santa Monica, California: RAND.

Rosen, M.S. (1997). "A LEN Interview With Professor Herman Goldstein, the 'Father' of Problem-Oriented Policing." Law Enforcement News 23(461):9.

Ross, H. (1994). "Sobriety Checkpoints, American Style." Journal of Criminal Justice 22(5):437–444.

Sampson, R., and J. Cohen (1988). "Deterrent Effects of the Police on Crime: A Replication and Theoretical Extension." Law and Society Review 22(1):163–189.

Schnelle, J., R. Kirchner, J. Casey, P. Uselton, and M. McNees (1977). "Patrol Evaluation Research: A Multiple-Baseline Analysis of Saturation Police Patrolling During Day and Night Hours." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 10(1):147–154.

Scott, M. (2001). Street Prostitution. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. [Full text]

Sherman, L. (1997). "Policing for Crime Prevention." In Sherman, L., D. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway . Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

——— (1992). "Attacking Crime: Policing and Crime Control." In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.), Modern Policing: Crime, and Justice , Vol. 15. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

——— (1990). "Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence." In M. Tonry and N. Morris (eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , Vol. 12. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sherman, L., and D. Rogan (1995). "Deterrent Effects of Police Raids on Crack Houses: A Randomized, Controlled Experiment." Justice Quarterly 12(4):755–781.

Sherman, L., J. Shaw, and D. Rogan (1995). The Kansas City Gun Experiment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. [Full text]

Sherman, L., and D. Weisburd (1995). "General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime 'Hot Spots': A Randomized, Controlled Trial." Justice Quarterly 12(4):625–648.

Smith, M., M. Sviridoff, S. Sadd, R. Curtis, and R. Grinc (1992). The Neighborhood Effects of Street-Level Drug Enforcement. Tactical Narcotics Teams in New York : An Evaluation of TNT. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.

Smith, R. (2001). "Police-Led Crackdowns and Cleanups: An Evaluation of a Crime Control Initiative in Richmond, Va." Crime and Delinquency 47(1):60–83.

Spelman, W. (1990). Repeat Offender Programs for Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Uchida, C., B. Forst, and S. Annan (1992). Modern Policing and the Control of Illegal Drugs: Testing New Strategies in Two American Cities. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice. [Full text]

Vogel, R., and S. Torres (1998). "An Evaluation of Operation Roundup: An Experiment in the Control of Gangs to Reduce Crime, Fear of Crime, and Improve Police Community Relations." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 21(1):38–53.

Weidner, R. (1999). "I Won't Do Manhattan": Causes and Consequences of a Decline in Street Prostitution . New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.

Weisburd, D., and L. Green (1995). "Policing Drug Hot Spots: The Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment." Justice Quarterly 12(4):711–735.

Weisel, D., and E. Painter (1997). The Police Response to Gangs: Case Studies of Five Cities. Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum.

Weiss, A., and S. Freels (1996). "Effects of Aggressive Policing: The Dayton Traffic Enforcement Experiment." American Journal of Police 15(3):45–64.

Weiss, A., and E. McGarrell (1999). "Traffic Enforcement and Crime: Another Look." Police Chief 66(7):25–28.

Wilson, J., and B. Boland (1978). "The Effect of the Police on Crime." Law and Society Review 12(3):367–390.

Wilson, J., and G. Kelling (1982). "Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety." Atlantic Monthly 249(3):29–38.

Worden, R., T. Bynum, and J. Frank (1994). "Police Crackdowns on Drug Abuse and Trafficking." In D. McKenzie and C. Uchida (eds.), Drugs and Crime: Evaluating Public Policy Initiatives. Thousand Oaks , California: Sage.

Wright, A., and K. Pease (1997). "Cracking Down on Crime." Policing Today (September):34–36. [Full text]

Zimmer, L. (1990). "Proactive Policing Against Street-Level Drug Trafficking." American Journal of Police 9(1):43–74. [Full text]