Endnotes

[1] Teaster et al. (2006).

[2] Teaster et al. (2006).

[3] Daly and Jogerst (2006, p. 25).

[4] Teaster et al. (2006).

[5] Teaster et al. (2006).

[6] Heisler (2000); Payne (2011); Reay and Browne (2001).

[7] Bulman (2010); Acierno et al. (2010).

[8] Acierno et al. (2010).

[9] Begle et al. (2011).

[10] Bonnie and Wallace (2003).

[11] Bulman (2010) provides estimate extrapolating from Acierno et al. (2010).

[12] Brandon (2012).

[13] Pillemer and Hudson (1993).

[14] Allen, Kellett, and Gruman (2003).

[15] Teaster et al. (2006).

[16] Brownell (1998); Klein et al. (2008).

[17] Payne (2011).

[18] Post et al. (2010).

[19] Fisher, Zink, and Regan (2011).

[20] Payne (2011).

[21] Payne (2011).

[22] Gittler (2008); Howze and White (2010).

[23] Daly and Jogerst (2006).

[24] Daly and Jogerst (2001).

[25] Brandl et al. (2007).

[26] Payne (2011).

[27] Fisher and Regan (2006).

[28] Fisher and Regan (2006).

[29] Lachs et al. (1998).

[30] Coyne, Reichman, and Berbig (1993).

[31] Pillemer and Suitor (1992).

[32] Kang and Lynch (2010).

[33] Cooper, Selwood, and Livingston (2008).

[34] Kang and Lynch (2010).

[35] Brownell (1998).

[36] Pillemer and Suitor (1992).

[37] Coyne, Reichman, and Berbig (1993).

[38] Paveza et al. (1992).

[39] Reay and Browne (2001).

[40] Korbin, Anetzberger, and Austin (1995).

[41] Payne (2011).

[42] Powell and Berman (2006).

[43] Pillemer and Moore (1990); Payne (2011).

[44] Tomita (1990).

[45] Bonnie and Wallace (2003).

[46] Leisey, Kupstas, and Cooper (2009).

[47] Hawes and Kimball (2009).

[48] Payne (2011).

[49] Nusbaum et al. (2006).

[50] Jogerst et al. (2006).

[51] Payne (2011).

[52] Payne (2011).

[53] Dolon and Hendricks (1989).

[54] Zevitz and Gurnack (1991).

[55] Rykert (1994).

[56] Wolf and Li (1999).

[57] Bell, Oyebode, and Olliver (2004).

[58] Jogerst et al. (2004).

[59] Hawes and Kimball (2009); Payne (2011); Shibley (1995).

[60] Connolly (2010).

[61] Illinois State Triad (1998).

[62] Bulman (2010).

[63] National City Police Department (2002).

[64] Plotkin (1996).

[65] Jogerst et al. (2005).

[66] West Columbia Police Department (2008).

[67] Nahmiash and Reis (2000).

[68] Klein et al. (2008).

[69] McNamee and Mulford (2007).

[70] Nerenberg (2003); Quinn and Heisler (2002).

[71] Groh and Linden (2011).

[72] Nerenberg (2003).

[73] St. Petersburg Police Department (1997).

[74] Dolon and Hendricks (1989); Nerenberg (2003); Plotkin (1988).

[75] U.S. Department of Justice (2000).

[76] Fisher and Regan (2006); Payne (2011).

[77] Stiegel and Teaster (2011).

[78] Nahmiash and Reis (2000).

[79] White and Lawry (2009).

[80] Shibley (1995, p. 24).

[81] Gilfillan (1994).

[82] Glendale Police Department (2001).

[83] Zevitz and Gurnack (1991).

[84] McGee (1997).

[85] Grayson (2001).

[86] Amendola et al. (2010).

[87] Stover et al. (2010).

[88] Davis, Medina, and Avitabile (2001, p. 21).

[89] Payne (2011).

[90] Kansas City Police Department (1999).

[91] Glendale Police Department (2001).

[92] Davis, Weisburd, and Hamilton (2007).

[93] Miller and Johnson (2003).

[94] World Health Organization (2002).

[95] Leisey, Kupstas, and Cooper (2009).

[96] Douglass (1992).

[97] Payne (2011).

[98] Cox (2008); Payne and Gainey (2006).

[99] Brandl et al. (2007).

[100] Allen, Kellett, and Gruman (2003).

[101] Payne (2011).

[102] Allen, Kellett, and Gruman (2003).

[103] Nerenberg (2008).

[104] Teaster et al. (2006).

[105] Connolly (2010).

[106] Connolly (2010).

[107] Schneider et al. (2010).

[108] McNamee and Mulford (2007).

[109] Navarro et al. (2010).

[110] San Diego Police Department (2003).

[111] Navarro et al. (2010).

[112] Wiglesworth et al. (2006, p. 27).

[113] Stiegel and Teaster (2011).

[114] San Diego Police Department (2003).

[115] Connolly (2010).

[116] Nerenberg (2008).

[117] Stiegel (2005).

[118] Stiegel (2005).

[119] Stiegel (2005).

[120] Payne and Gainey (2006).

[121] Payne (2011).

[122] Plotkin (1996).

[123] Wiglesworth et al. (2006).

[124] Klein (2008).

[125] Lachs et al. (2007).