POP Center Responses Focused Deterrence References

References

Boston Police Department. 1998. Operation Ceasefire: Deterring Youth Firearm Violence. Submission to the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. [Full text ]

Boyle, Douglas J., Jennifer L. Lanterman, Joseph E. Pascarella, and Chia-Cherng Cheng. 2010. “The Impact of Newark’s Operation Ceasefire on Trauma Center Gunshot Wound Admissions.’ Justice Research & Policy 12(2): 105–123.

Braga, Anthony A. 2008. “Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies and the Prevention of Gun Homicide.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36: 332–343.

Braga, Anthony A., Rob Apel, and Brandon C. Welsh. 2013. “The Spillover Effects of Focused Deterrence on Gang Violence.” Evaluation Review 37: 314–342.

Braga, Anthony A., David M. Hureau, and Andrew V. Papachristos. 2014. “Deterring Gang-Involved Gun Violence: Measuring the Impact of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire on Street Gang Behavior.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30(1): 113–139.

Braga, Anthony A., David M. Hureau, and Christopher Winship. 2008. “Losing Faith? Police, Black Churches, and the Resurgence of Youth Violence in Boston.” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6: 141–172.

Braga, Anthony A., and David M. Kennedy. 2012. “Linking Situational Crime Prevention and Focused Deterrence Strategies.” In Nick Tilley and Graham Farrell (eds.), The Reasoning Criminologist: Essays in Honour of Ronald V. Clarke. London: Routledge

Braga, Anthony A., David Kennedy, E. Waring, and Anne Piehl. 2001. “Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 38: 195–225.

Braga, Anthony A., Jack McDevitt, and Glenn L. Pierce. 2006. “Understanding and Preventing Gang Violence: Problem Analysis and Response Development in Lowell, Massachusetts.” Police Quarterly 9(1): 20–46.

Braga, Anthony A., Glenn L. Pierce, Jack McDevitt, Brenda J. Bond, and Shea Cronin. 2008. “The Strategic Prevention of Gun Violence Among Gang-involved Offenders.” Justice Quarterly 25: 132–162.

Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd. 2012. The Effects of ‘Pulling Levers’ Focused-Deterrence Strategies on Crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews. Also published as Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd. 2012. “The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 49(3): 323–358, and in abridged form as Braga, Anthony A., and David L. Weisburd. 2012. Pulling Levers Focused Deterrence Strategies to Prevent Crime. Crime Prevention Research Review No. 6. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Braga, Anthony A., and Christopher Winship. 2006. “Partnership, Accountability, and Innovation: Clarifying Boston’s Experience with Pulling Levers.” In D. Weisburd and A. Braga (eds.), Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Burgdorf, James R., and Beau Kilmer. 2014. “Police Costs of the Drug Market Initiative: Insights from Two Cities.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 9(2): 151–163.

Chermak, Steven, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2004. “Problem-solving Approaches to Homicide: An Evaluation of the Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership”. Criminal Justice Policy Review 15: 161–192.

Corsaro, Nicholas, Rod K. Brunson, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2009. “Problem-Oriented Policing and Open-Air Drug Markets: Examining the Rockford Pulling Levers Deterrence Strategy.” Crime & Delinquency 59: 1084–1107.

Corsaro, Nicholas, and Robin S. Engel. 2015. “Most Challenging of Contexts: Assessing the Impact of Focused Deterrence on Serious Violence in New Orleans.” Criminology & Public Policy 14(3): 471–505.

Corsaro, Nicholas, Eleazer D. Hunt, Natalie Kroovand Hipple, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2012. “The Impact of Drug Market Pulling Levers Policing on Neighborhood Violence: An Evaluation of the High Point Drug Market Intervention.” Criminology & Public Policy 11: 167–199.

Corsaro, Nicholas, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2010. “Reducing Homicide Risk in Indianapolis between 1997 and 2000.” Journal of Urban Health 87: 851–864.

Corsaro, Nicholas, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2009a. “Testing a Promising Homicide Reduction Strategy: Re-assessing the Impact of the Indianapolis ‘Pulling Levers’ Intervention.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 5: 63–82.

Corsaro, Nicholas, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 2009b. “An Evaluation of the Nashville Drug Market Initiative Pulling Levers Strategy.” Drug Market Intervention Working Paper. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University.

Dalton, Erin. 2003. Lessons in Preventing Homicide. Project Safe Neighborhoods Report. East Lansing, Michigan: School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University

Delaney, Christopher. 2006. “The Effects of Focused Deterrence on Gang Homicide: An Evaluation of Rochester’s Ceasefire Program.” Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology Scholar Works Thesis/Dissertation Collection.

Engel, Robin S., S. Gregory Baker, Marie Skubak Tillyer, John Eck, and Jessica Dunham. 2008. Implementation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV): Year 1 Report. Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.

Engel, Robin S., Marie Skubak Tillyer, Jessica Dunham, Davin Hall, Murat Ozer, William Henson, and Timothy Godsey. 2009. Implementation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV): Year 2 Report. Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.

Engel, Robin S., Nicholas Corsaro, and Marie Skubak Tillyer. 2010. Evaluation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.

Felbab-Brown, Vanda. 2013. Focused Deterrence, Selective Targeting, Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime: Concepts and Practicalities. Modernising Drug Law Enforcement, Report 2. London: International Drug Policy Consortium.

Felson, Marcus, and Rachel Boba. 2010. Crime and Everyday Life, Fourth Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

Frabutt, James M., M.J. Gathings, Eleazer J. Hunt, and Tamela J. Loggins. 2004. High Point West End Initiative: Project Description, Log, and Preliminary Impact Analysis. Greensboro, NC: Center for Youth, Family, and Community Partnerships, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Frabutt, James M., Terri L. Shelton, Kristen L. Di Luca, Lynn K. Harvey, and Mary K. Hefner. 2009. A Collaborative Approach to Eliminating Street Drug Markets through Focused Deterrence. Final Report to U.S. Department of Justice. University of Notre Dame, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Winston-Salem State University.

Harvey, Lynn K. 2005. The New Hope Initiative: A Collaborative Approach to Closing an Open-air Drug Market and a Blueprint for Other Communities. Winston-Salem, NC: Center for Community Safety, Winston-Salem State University.

Heinrich, Theodore B., and Anthony A. Braga. 2010. “Focused Deterrence and Norm Changing Strategies: The Problem of Sustainability.” Working paper. New York: National Network for Safe Communities.

High Point Police Department. 2006. Eliminating Overt Drug Markets in High Point, North Carolina. Submission to the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. [Full text ]

High Point Police Department. 2000. One City’s Success in Reducing Gun Violence. Submission to the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. [Full text ]

High Point Police Department and National Network for Safe Communities. 2016. Intimate Partner Violence Intervention. Submission to the Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. Kennedy, David. 2009a. Deterrence and Crime Prevention: Reconsidering the Prospect of Sanction. London: Routledge.

Kennedy, David. 2009b. “Drugs, Race and Common Ground: Reflections on the High Point Intervention.” National Institute of Justice Journal 262: 12–17.

Kennedy, David. 2006. “Old Wine in New Bottles: Policing and the Lesson of Pulling Levers.” In D. Weisburd and A. Braga (eds.), Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Kennedy, David. 2002. Controlling Domestic Violence Offenders. Report to the Hewlett Family Violence Prevention Fund. Cambridge, Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Kennedy, David. 1998. “Getting Deterrence Right.” National Institute of Justice Journal July: 2–8.

Kennedy, David. 1997. “Pulling Levers: Chronic Offenders, High-Crime Settings, and a Theory of Prevention.” Valparaiso University Law Review 31: 449–484.

Kennedy, David, and Anthony A. Braga. 1998. “Homicide in Minneapolis: Research for Problem Solving.” Homicide Studies 2: 263–290.

Kennedy, David M., and Sue-Lin Wong. 2009. The High Point Drug Market Intervention Strategy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Klofas, John, Christopher Delaney, and Tisha Smith. 2005. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) in Rochester, NY. Final Report. Rochester, New York: Rochester Institute of Technology

Ludwig, Jens. 2005. “Better Gun Enforcement, Less Crime.” Criminology & Public Policy 4: 677–716.

Maziarka, Kristen D. 2014. “From Top to Bottom: Rhetoric in the Hierarchy of Focused Deterrence Stakeholders.” Master’s Thesis. University of Missouri-Kansas City.

McGarrell, Edmund F., Steven Chermak, Jeremy M. Wilson, and Nicholas Corsaro. 2006. “Reducing Homicide through a Lever-Pulling Strategy.” Justice Quarterly 23(2): 214–231.

Melde, Chris. 2013. “The Practicalities of Targeted Gang Interventions.” Criminology & Public Policy 12(1): 43–48.

Nagin, Daniel S. 2013. “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century.” Crime and Justice 42: 199–263.

Novak, Kenneth J., Andrew M. Fox, Christine M. Carr, Joseph McHale, and Michael D. White. 2015. Kansas City SMART Policing Initiative: From Foot Patrol to Focused Deterrence. Smart Policing Initiative Spotlight Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance.

Papachristos, Andrew. 2009. “Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide.” American Journal of Sociology 115(1): 74–128.

Papachristos, Andrew, Anthony Braga, and David Hureau. 2012. “Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury.” Journal of Urban Health 89(6): 992–1003.

Papachristos, Andrew, Tracey Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan. 2007. “Attention Felons: Evaluating Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4: 223–272.

Picard-Fritsche, Sarah, Rachel Swaner, and Suvi Hynynen Lambson. 2014. Deterrence and Legitimacy in Brownsville, Brooklyn: A Process Evaluation of the Brownsville Anti-Violence Project. New York: Center for Court Innovation.

Rosenfeld, Richard, Robert Fornango, and Eric Baumer. 2005. “Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile Reduce Homicide?” Criminology & Public Policy 4: 419–450.

Scott, John. 1988. “Social Network Analysis.” Sociology 22(1): 109–127.

Sechrist, Stacy M., John D.L. Weil, Terri L. Shelton, and Chris C. Payne 2012. Implementation Documentation of the Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative (OFDVI) in High Point, NC. Greensboro, NC: University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Skogan, Wesley. G., Susan M. Hartnett, Natalie Bump, and Jill Dubois. 2009. Evaluation of Ceasefire-Chicago. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Skubak Tillyer, Marie, Robin S. Engel, and Brian Lovins. 2012. “Beyond Boston: Applying Theory to Understand and Address Sustainability Issues in Focused Deterrence Initiatives for Violence Reduction.” Crime & Delinquency 58(6): 973–997.

Skubak Tillyer, Marie, and David M. Kennedy. 2008. “Locating Focused Deterrence Approaches Within a Situational Crime Prevention Framework”. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 10: 75–84.

Tita, George E., K. Jack Riley, and Peter Greenwood. 2003. “From Boston to Boyle Heights: The Process and Prospects of a ‘Pulling Levers’ Strategy in a Los Angeles Barrio.” In Scott H. Decker (ed.), Policing Gangs and Youth Violence (102–130). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Tita, George, K. Jack Riley, Greg Ridgeway, Clifford Grammich, Allan F. Abrahamse, and Peter W. Greenwood. 2003. Reducing Gun Violence: Results from an Intervention in East Los Angeles. Santa Monica, California: RAND. von Ulmenstein, Sibylle, and Bonnie Sultan. 2011. Group Violence Reduction Strategy: Four Case Studies of Swift and Meaningful Law Enforcement Responses. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Wakeling, Stewart. 2003. Ending Gang Homicide: Deterrence Can Work. Perspectives on Violence Prevention No. 1. Sacramento, California: California Attorney General’s Office/ California Health and Human Services Agency.

Wellford, Charles F., John V. Pepper, and Carol V. Petrie. 2005. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Williams, D.J., D. Currie, W. Linden, and P.D. Donnelly. 2014. “Addressing Gang-Related Violence in Glasgow: A Preliminary Pragmatic Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of the Community Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV).” Aggression and Violent Behavior 19: 686–691.

Woodmansee, Thomas. 2015. Personal communication with author.